20℃下3种蔬菜种子长年贮存后生理特性和遗传稳定性的研究

对在低温和常温下贮藏13年的萝卜、番茄和芹菜3种蔬菜超干种子的发芽势、发芽率、苗长、胚根根尖细胞染色体畸变率和随机扩增的多态性DNA(RAPD)等指标进行测定分析，并研究了种子活力、生活力及其遗传稳定性的变化。多年超干贮存后，部分处理染色体异常的百分率有所增加，它与发芽率成反比，但发芽率低的种子在繁殖更新后，异常率会降低，较高的染色体异常率不会遗传下去。     

水稻早世代稳定特异性的研究

利用9个具有早世代稳定遗传特性的水稻品系和7个栽培稻作为主体亲本杂交配组，在130个组合F2群体963个株系中，发现28个组合中出现73个稳定株系。遗传分析表明水稻早世代稳定既不是质量性状遗传也不是数量性状遗传，是按株群分离的遗传方式，出现稳定株系的组合F1群体发生了分离，F2群体中既有性状不分离的稳定株系又有孟德尔     

栗属分子生物学研究进展

壳斗科(Fagaceae)栗属(Castanea)植物的7个种分布广泛,不仅可用于木材生产,而且在坚果生产上也占有独特地位。基于形态学、同工酶、子叶储藏蛋白和RAPD数据,通过对分布于亚洲、欧洲和北美的栗属植物的遗传多样性研究表明中国板栗(Castaneamollissima)是世界栗属植物的原始种,长江流域是中国板栗的遗传多样性中心,土耳其是欧洲板栗的起源中心之一。在分子标记辅助育种方面,已发表了基于形态学、同工酶、RAPD和ISSR数据的两张栗属植物的遗传连锁图谱,其中一个是用欧洲板栗种内杂交后代F1全部单株构建的,另一张是用美洲板栗与中国板栗种间杂交后代F2单株构建的,并已经定位了3个假定的栗疫病抗性位点;并且证明在多年生木本果树上同工酶基因可通过连锁关系分析与形态基因整合为1个单一基因图而无需另外的杂交。从栗属植物中已分离纯化了包括可抑制HIV-1反转录酶活性的Mollisin在内的几丁质酶等抗真菌蛋白、胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、热击蛋白、红血球凝集素、脱水素、花粉过敏原等功能蛋白质,并已经克隆了包括伤害应答基因在内的部分功能蛋白质相关基因。因此,作为具有独特性质的栗属植物,有必要开展更多的研究,就此本文对栗属植物遗传多样性、分子标记辅助育种和功能蛋白纯化和有关基因克隆等几方面的研究进展进行了总结,希望能位同行提供参考。     

燕山板栗种质资源AFLP遗传多样性分析

为研究燕山板栗的遗传多样性,用扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)技术对44份板栗种质的遗传多样性及遗传距离进行分析,其中36份原产燕山地区的种质中有18份为野生种质和18份为栽培品种,另外8份为原产山东的品种.共检测了384个AFLP位点,有217个是多态性位点,占56.5%,这表明了所检测的板栗材料中存在着明显的遗传多样性.用NT.SYS软件对44份板栗种质进行聚类分析.所有材料聚成4个类群,其中燕山地区原产的板栗材料被聚为3个类群,山东起源的被聚类为1个独立的类群.在所分析的44份材料中,遗传距离在0.0292和0.2214之间.燕山板栗和外来板栗存在着明显的差异,本研究结果与本实验室用RAPD技术分析的结果是一致的.结果对这些板栗材料在育种中的应用具有重要指导意义.     

小麦耐热性基因的染色体定位和遗传效应分析

以中国春-HOPE染色体代换系为试验材料，利用细胞膜热稳定性和大田生产条件下高温胁迫两种方法，对与耐热性有关的基因进行了染色体定位。结果表明，无论是利用膜热稳定性方法，还是利用大田高温胁迫环境进行耐热性评价的方法，HOPE的2A，3A，2B，3B和4B染色体代换到中国春相应染色体后，均显著提高了中国春的耐热性，证明这些染色体含有与耐热性有关的基因。在大田高温胁迫环境条件下，HOPE的3D，4A，5A和5B染色体也表现与耐热性有关。利用单染色体代换系和不同耐热性代换系杂交组合，对耐热性的基因效应分析结果显示，HOPE2A染色体上的耐热性基因表现为显性效应，3A，2B，3A和4B染色体上的耐热性基因表现为加性效应；3B与4B，3A与2A，3B与2B以及这些染色体上的耐热性基因与2A染色体上的耐热性基因之间均可能存在互作效应。     

用不同类型的水稻鉴别品种鉴定江苏稻瘟病菌的致病性

根据DNA指纹图谱和系谱, 从1999年采集的96个江苏稻瘟菌株中选择44个菌株进行致病性测定. 它们被鉴定为7个生理小种. 用日本清泽系列单基因鉴别品种和LTH近等基因系(NILs)鉴别品种分析, 分别产生27和10个致病类型, CO39 NILs对江苏菌株几乎没有鉴别作用. 分析结果可见供试菌株之间致病性差异极大. 研究表明, 发展包含较多抗病     

木薯主要农艺性状的遗传变异、相关性和主成分分析

对广西14个主要木薯品种的9个农艺性状进行了遗传变异分析、相关性分析和主成分分析。结果表明,块根长,块根鲜重、块根数的变异系数较大,分别为13.95%、11.33%、10.22%,块根干物质率和茎径的变异系数最小,分别为7.00%和6.57%;在相关性上,产量与块根数呈极显著的正相关,块根干物质率与块根淀粉含量呈极显著的正相关;主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分对变异的贡献率达85.69%。在性状选择上,首先对变异大的性状进行选择是非常重要的。在品种选择时,应注意选择产量和淀粉含量均高的品种。     

抗PVY马铃薯品种遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术分析了国内外37种抗PVY马铃薯资源。提取马铃薯(Solanumtuberosum)新鲜叶片的总DNA,用17种RAPD引物进行随机多态性扩增,利用遗传多样性信息,进行亲源关系的分子鉴定。试验表明:平均每10个碱基引物扩增出6￣21条谱带,共获得164条特异性谱带,平均每个引物扩增获得9.8条多态性谱带,多态性比率平均为76.3%。RAPD分析表明37种抗PVY马铃薯资源之间的遗传距离介于0.06￣0.68之间,平均值为0.35,平均遗传距离介于0.27￣0.50之间,聚类分析将37种抗PVY材料划分为三个类,聚类结果同材料的血缘关系密切,并且表现出一定的地域特性。根据扩增的特异性谱带可进行抗PVY马铃薯资源的分子鉴定,为抗PVY育种亲本选配提供了依据。     

Means and variances for Fusarium head blight resistance of F2-derived bulks from winter triticale and winter wheat crosses

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, is a devastating disease in cereals. This study was undertaken to estimate progeny means and variances in each of five winter triticale and winter wheat crosses using unselected F₂−derived lines in F₄ or F₅ generation bulked at harvest of the previous generation. Fifty (triticale) and 95 (wheat) progeny per cross were inoculated in two (triticale) or three (wheat) field environments. FHB rating was assessed on a whole-plot basis. Mean disease severities of the parents ranged from 2.3 to 6.4 in triticale and from 3.1 to 6.5 in wheat on a 1-to-9 scale (1 = symptomless, 9 = 100% infected). The midparent values generally resembled the means of their derived progeny. Significant (P < 0.01) genotypic variance was detected within each cross, but genotype × environment interaction and error variances were also high for both crops. Medium to high entry-mean heritabilities (0.6–0.8) underline the feasibility of selecting F₂-derived bulks on a plot basis in several environments. Phenotypic correlation of FHB resistance between generation F_2:4 and F_2:5 was r = 0.87 (P < 0.01) tested across 150 wheat bulks at two locations. Our estimates of selection gain are encouraging for breeders to improve FHB resistance in triticale and wheat by recurrent selection within adapted materials.     

Amplified fragment length polymorphism as a tool for molecular characterization of almond germplasm: genetic diversity among cultivated genotypes and related wild species of almond,and its relationships with agronomic traits

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis is a rapid and efficient method for producing DNA fingerprints and molecular characterization. Our objectives were to: estimate genetic similarities (GS), marker indices, and polymorphic information contents (PICs) for AFLP markers in almond cultivars; assess the genetic diversity of almond cultivars and wild species, using GS estimated from AFLP fingerprints and molecular characterization; and facilitate the use of markers in inter-specific introgression and cultivar improvement. The genetic diversity of 45 almond cultivars from Iran, Europe, and America, were studied assaying 19 primer combinations. In addition, several agronomic traits were evaluated, including flowering and maturity times, self-incompatibility, and kernel and fruit properties. Out of the 813 polymerase chain reaction fragments that were scored, 781 (96.23%) were polymorphic. GS ranged from 0.5 to 0.96, marker indices ranged from 51.37 to 78.79, and PICs ranged from 0.56 to 0.86. Results allowed the unique molecular identification of all assayed genotypes. However, the correlation between genetic similarity clustering as based on AFLP and clustering for agronomic traits was low. Cluster analysis based on AFLP data clearly differentiated the genotypes and wild species according to their origin and pedigree, whereas, cluster analysis based on agronomic data differentiated according the pomological characterization. Our results showed the great genetic diversity of the almond cultivars and their interest for almond breeding.